中 国 玉 文 化 权 威 数 字 典 藏The Authoritative Digital Archive of Chinese Jade

玉 · 石之美者 Jade, the Fairest of Stones

自新石器时代绵延八千余年，玉贯穿中华文明的礼制、信仰与审美。本站系统呈现软玉与硬玉两大门类之分类、清末翡翠之崛起，及"君子比德于玉"的文化传统。 For more than eight millennia, jade has run through the ritual order, belief and aesthetics of Chinese civilisation. This archive presents the systematic taxonomy of nephrite and jadeite, the late-Qing ascent of feicui, and the tradition by which the noble compare virtue to jade.

CHINESEJADE.ORG · 权威 · 严谨 · 典藏CHINESEJADE.ORG · AUTHORITATIVE · RIGOROUS · CURATED
蟠龙钮玉玺 Jade imperial seal with coiled-dragon knob, National Museum of China
蟠龙钮玉玺 · 中国国家博物馆藏 —— 传国玉玺相传以和氏璧琢成、李斯篆"受命于天 既寿永昌"，五代后失传，世无真影；此为同制式皇家玉玺 · 图源 Wikimedia Commons（Windmemories · CC BY-SA 4.0） Jade imperial seal with coiled-dragon knob, National Museum of China. The Heirloom Seal of the Realm — carved by tradition from the Heshibi and inscribed by Li Si "Mandated by Heaven: long life and eternal glory" — has been lost since the Five Dynasties and no true likeness survives; shown here is an imperial jade seal of the same canonical form · Wikimedia Commons (Windmemories, CC BY-SA 4.0)
传国玺印文摹本：受命于天 既寿永昌
向下探索EXPLORE
8000+年玉作传统Years of Jade Working
2大矿物门类Mineralogical Families
6礼天地四方之器Ritual Implements
5德 · 仁义智勇洁Confucian Virtues
大类划分Primary Classification

两大门类：软玉与硬玉The Two Great Families: Nephrite & Jadeite

依据现代矿物学与国家标准（GB/T 16552《珠宝玉石 名称》），狭义之"玉"仅指两种矿物集合体：以透闪石—阳起石为主的软玉（闪石玉），与以硬玉为主的辉石玉，即翡翠。二者成分、结构、产地判然有别，构成中国玉石分类之纲。 Under modern mineralogy and China's national standard GB/T 16552 (Gems — Nomenclature), jade in the strict sense denotes two rock types only: nephrite, an aggregate of the tremolite–actinolite series, and jadeite jade (feicui), a pyroxene rock. Distinct in composition, texture and provenance, they form the two branches of Chinese jade taxonomy.

清代白玉扳指 Qing dynasty white jade thumb ring, Cleveland Museum of Art 软玉 · 闪石族NEPHRITE · AMPHIBOLE

软玉（和田玉）NephriteCa₂(Mg,Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂ · Tremolite–Actinolite

透闪石—阳起石系列矿物之致密块状集合体，纤维交织结构赋予其冠绝天然玉石的韧性。以新疆和田（昆仑山—玉龙喀什河）所产最负盛名，青海、俄罗斯、加拿大等地亦有产出。中国八千年玉文化之主体，皆系软玉。 A dense aggregate of the tremolite–actinolite series whose felted fibrous texture makes it the toughest of natural gem materials. The most celebrated source is Hotan, Xinjiang — the Kunlun range and the White Jade River — with deposits also in Qinghai, Russia and Canada. The main body of China's eight-thousand-year jade tradition is nephrite.

矿物族属Mineral group角闪石族Amphibole
摩氏硬度Mohs hardness6 – 6.5
密度Specific gravity2.90 – 3.10
折射率Refractive index1.606 – 1.632
光泽Lustre油脂光泽Greasy / waxy
图：白玉扳指 · 清 · 克利夫兰美术馆藏（CC0）Photo: white jade thumb ring, Qing dynasty · Cleveland Museum of Art (CC0)
清代翡翠珊瑚朝珠 Qing dynasty mandarin necklace with jadeite and coral, Cleveland Museum of Art 硬玉 · 辉石族JADEITE · PYROXENE

硬玉（翡翠）Jadeite (Feicui)NaAlSi₂O₆ · Sodium Aluminium Pyroxene

以硬玉为主之辉石类矿物集合体，粒状—纤维状交织结构，玻璃光泽莹润，色域自无色至帝王绿、紫罗兰、红黄翡俱全。宝石级翡翠几乎全部产自缅甸北部雾露河流域。明末清初经滇缅商路入华，清中晚期跃居宫廷至珍。 A pyroxene rock composed chiefly of jadeite, with a granular-to-fibrous interlocking texture and a vitreous lustre; its palette runs from colourless through imperial green to lavender, red and yellow. Nearly all gem-grade material comes from the Uru River basin of northern Myanmar. It entered China along the Yunnan–Burma routes in the seventeenth century and rose to courtly pre-eminence in the mid-to-late Qing.

矿物族属Mineral group辉石族Pyroxene
摩氏硬度Mohs hardness6.5 – 7
密度Specific gravity3.30 – 3.36
折射率Refractive index1.666 – 1.680
光泽Lustre玻璃光泽Vitreous
图：翡翠珊瑚朝珠 · 清 · 克利夫兰美术馆藏（CC0）Photo: mandarin necklace of jadeite and coral, Qing dynasty · Cleveland Museum of Art (CC0)
广义之玉：中国传统语境中，"玉"亦泛指一切"石之美者"。岫岩玉（蛇纹石玉）、独山玉、绿松石与和田玉并称"中国四大名玉"；玛瑙、水晶、青金石等则归入玉石与宝石之列。本站分类以矿物学为经、以文化传统为纬，二者并陈。 Jade in the broad sense: in the traditional Chinese idiom, yu embraces every "stone that is beautiful". Xiuyan jade (serpentine), Dushan jade and turquoise are ranked with Hetian nephrite as the Four Famous Jades of China, while agate, rock crystal and lapis belong to the wider family of ornamental stones. This archive orders the field by mineralogy first and cultural tradition second, presenting both.
软玉细分Nephrite Classification

和田玉 · 八色分类Hetian Jade: The Canon of Colour

依国家标准《和田玉 鉴定与分类》（GB/T 38821-2020），和田玉按颜色划分为白玉、青白玉、青玉、碧玉、黄玉、糖玉、墨玉等类；其中脂白温润、若凝若酥者，尊为"羊脂白玉"，为软玉之极品。 Under national standard GB/T 38821-2020 (Hetian Jade — Testing and Classification), nephrite is classed by colour into white, greenish-white, green (qing), spinach-green (bi), yellow, sugar and black jade. The finest — white as rendered fat, unctuous and warm — is honoured as "mutton-fat white jade", the summit of nephrite.

羊脂白玉Mutton-Fat WhiteYangzhi Bai Yu

脂白微凝，油润无瑕，历代贡玉之首，价逾黄金。Unctuous, faintly congealed white of flawless grain; the first of tribute jades, dearer than gold.

白玉White JadeBai Yu

色白质纯，透闪石含量常逾九成八，玉牌玉佩之正材。Pure white body, tremolite often above 98 percent; the canonical stock for plaques and pendants.

青白玉Greenish WhiteQingbai Yu

介于白青之间，温和内敛，存世器物最众。Between white and qing — temperate and reserved, the most abundant class among surviving works.

青玉Qing (Grey-Green)Qing Yu

色如晚黛，块度宏大，清宫大型玉山多取青玉。Deep grey-green of great block size; the Qing court's monumental jade mountains were carved from it.

碧玉Spinach GreenBi Yu

菠菜之绿，多含铬铁矿点，玛纳斯与俄料著称。Spinach green flecked with chromite; Manas and Russian material are the noted sources.

黄玉Yellow JadeHuang Yu

色若蒸栗、秋葵者贵，产出至稀，明清两代尤重。Prized when the hue of steamed chestnut; exceedingly scarce, esteemed above others in Ming and Qing.

糖玉Sugar JadeTang Yu

铁质浸润呈红糖之色，巧雕常借糖色为俏。Iron-stained to the tone of brown sugar; carvers turn the sugar skin to pictorial advantage.

墨玉Black JadeMo Yu

石墨致色，漆黑如墨，光下泛青，古称"玄玉"。Coloured by graphite, ink-black with a green cast in strong light; the "dark jade" of the classics.

籽料Seed (Zi)ALLUVIAL

经河水亿万年冲磨，卵形皮壳，质最紧结油润，玉龙喀什河所出为贵。Pebbles milled for aeons in river gravels; oval, skinned, densest and most unctuous — the White Jade River yield is supreme.

山流水ShanliushuiSUB-ALLUVIAL

离矿未远、初经水磨，棱角略圆，质地介于山料籽料之间。Carried a short way from the lode and lightly water-worn; edges softened, quality between mountain and seed.

山料Mountain (Shan)PRIMARY

原生矿脉直接开采，块度大而棱角分明，为大型玉雕主要来源。Quarried from the primary vein; large, angular blocks that supply monumental carving.

戈壁料GobiAEOLIAN

裸露戈壁，经风沙千年砺洗，表面波状砂痕，质坚色沉。Exposed on the desert floor and scoured by wind-borne sand; rippled skin, hard body, sombre tone.

硬玉细分Jadeite Classification

翡翠 · 种水与色Feicui: Texture, Water & Colour

翡翠之品鉴以"种、水、色、工"为纲。"种"言结构之细腻，"水"言透明之深浅，二者合称"种水"；色则以绿为尊。行业依透明度与结构，将翡翠自上而下分为玻璃种、冰种、糯种、豆种诸级。 Feicui connoisseurship rests on four pillars — texture (zhong), water (transparency), colour and workmanship. By texture and translucency the trade ranks the stone, from the top downward: glass, ice, glutinous and bean grades.

玻璃种Glass GradeBOLI ZHONG

全透如镜，起荧起胶，结构致密不见颗粒，翡翠之冠。Fully transparent, fluorescing like still water; grain invisible — the crown of all feicui.

冰种Ice GradeBING ZHONG

清透若冰，微见絮状棉，寒光内蕴，高档翡翠主体。Limpid as river ice with faint cotton wisps; a cool inner light — the body of fine jadeite.

糯种Glutinous GradeNUO ZHONG

半透如糯米汤，浑厚温润，市场流通之中坚。Semi-translucent like glutinous rice broth; mellow and substantial — the mainstay of the market.

豆种Bean GradeDOU ZHONG

晶粒可辨如豆，微透至不透，"十青九豆"言其常见。Granular as split beans, faintly translucent to opaque; proverbially the commonest of green stones.

帝王绿Imperial GreenDIWANG LÜ
阳绿Apple GreenYANG LÜ
紫罗兰LavenderZILUOLAN
红翡Red FeiHONG FEI
黄翡Yellow FeiHUANG FEI
墨翠Omphacite BlackMO CUI
A 货Jade天然翡翠NATURAL

仅经切磨抛光，未经任何化学处理，颜色结构皆天然。唯 A 货具收藏价值，国家标准要求处理翡翠必须如实标注。Cut and polished only, untouched by chemical treatment; colour and structure wholly natural. Only Type A holds collectable value, and national standards require treated jadeite to be labelled as such.

B 货Jade漂白充填BLEACHED & FILLED

强酸洗去杂质后以树脂充填，结构已遭破坏，光泽日久必变，不具收藏价值。Acid-bleached and resin-impregnated; the fabric is destroyed and the lustre degrades with time. No collectable standing.

C 货Jade人工致色DYED

人工染色入沁，色浮于绺裂之间，放大检查与光谱检测即可识别。Artificially dyed, the colour lodging in fissures; readily unmasked under magnification and spectroscopy.

广义玉石The Broader Family

四大名玉之其三The Other Famous Jades

岫岩玉Xiuyan JadeSERPENTINE · LIAONING

辽宁岫岩所产蛇纹石玉，色多黄绿，质地细腻蜡润。红山文化玉器多取材于此，开采史逾五千年，为中国用玉最早之源流之一。Serpentine jade of Xiuyan, Liaoning — yellow-green, fine and waxy. It supplied the Hongshan culture's carvings and has been worked for over five thousand years, among the earliest of China's jade sources.

独山玉Dushan JadeANORTHITE ROCK · HENAN

河南南阳独山所产斜长石类玉石，一石多色，绿白紫褐并生，宜于巧色雕琢。殷墟出土玉器已见其用，故亦称"南阳玉"。A plagioclase rock from Dushan, Nanyang — many colours in one stone, green, white, violet and umber together, ideal for polychrome carving. Present already among the finds at Yinxu; hence "Nanyang jade".

绿松石TurquoisePHOSPHATE · HUBEI

湖北十堰所产最著，天蓝至苹果绿。二里头遗址绿松石龙形器长逾七十厘米，嵌片逾两千，证其三千七百年前已为重器。Finest from Shiyan, Hubei, sky-blue to apple-green. The dragon-form mosaic of over two thousand tesserae unearthed at Erlitou attests its ceremonial rank thirty-seven centuries ago.

历史长卷The Historical Scroll

八千年 · 玉脉不绝Eight Millennia, One Unbroken Vein

红山文化玉猪龙 Hongshan jade pig-dragon
红山文化 · 玉猪龙 — 图源 Wikimedia CommonsHongshan culture jade pig-dragon — Wikimedia Commons
新石器时代 · 约前6200—前2900年Neolithic · c. 6200–2900 BCE

玉之初曜：兴隆洼与红山First Radiance: Xinglongwa & Hongshan

内蒙古兴隆洼遗址出土的玉玦，将中国用玉史推至八千年前。红山文化的C形玉龙与玉猪龙，造型浑朴神异，被誉为"中华第一龙"，确立了玉在原始信仰中沟通天地的地位。Jade slit-rings from Xinglongwa in Inner Mongolia carry China's jade record back eight thousand years. The C-shaped dragons and pig-dragons of the Hongshan culture — hailed as the "first dragons of China" — fixed jade's role as the medium between heaven and humankind.

良渚文化玉琮王 Liangzhu jade cong
良渚文化 · 玉琮王（浙江省博物馆）— 图源 Wikimedia CommonsThe "Cong King", Liangzhu culture, Zhejiang Museum — Wikimedia Commons
良渚文化 · 约前3300—前2300年Liangzhu · c. 3300–2300 BCE

琮璧之制：神权与礼序Cong & Bi: Theocracy in Stone

环太湖流域的良渚文明以琮、璧、钺构建玉礼器体系，"琮王"重达六点五千克，神人兽面纹细逾毫发。良渚古城已列入《世界遗产名录》，实证中华五千年文明史。Around Lake Tai the Liangzhu civilisation built a liturgy of cong tubes, bi discs and yue axes; the "Cong King" weighs 6.5 kilograms, its man-and-beast emblem engraved finer than a hair. Liangzhu, now a World Heritage site, stands as proof of five thousand years of Chinese civilisation.

完璧归赵 汉画像石拓片 Heshibi rubbing
"完璧归赵" 武氏祠画像石 ·《金石索》— 图源 Wikimedia Commons"Returning the Jade Intact to Zhao", Wu Shrine relief — Wikimedia Commons
三代至战国 · 约前2070—前221年Three Dynasties to Warring States · c. 2070–221 BCE

礼玉时代：六器与和氏璧The Ritual Age: Six Implements & the Heshibi

《周礼》定"以玉作六器，以礼天地四方"，玉成为王权与礼制的物质纲领。妇好墓出土玉器七百五十五件；及至战国，和氏璧"价值连城"、蔺相如"完璧归赵"，一玉之重，系于邦国。秦并六国，相传琢和氏璧为传国玉玺，李斯篆"受命于天，既寿永昌"八字，历朝奉为天命之信物；辗转千年，五代后下落成谜，世无真影；其印文摹本见于本站首页。The Rites of Zhou decreed six jade implements "to honour Heaven, Earth and the four quarters", making jade the material charter of kingship. Fu Hao's tomb held 755 jades; by the Warring States the Heshibi disc was "worth a string of cities", and its safe return to Zhao became the proverb of statecraft itself. When Qin united the realm, tradition holds, that very stone was carved into the Heirloom Seal of the Realm, inscribed by Li Si — "Mandated by Heaven: long life and eternal glory" — token of the Mandate for a thousand years until it vanished after the Five Dynasties, leaving no true likeness; a tracing of its legend appears on this archive's front page.

西汉金缕玉衣 Han jade burial suit
西汉 · 金缕玉衣 — 图源 Wikimedia CommonsWestern Han jade burial suit sewn with gold wire — Wikimedia Commons
两汉 · 前202—220年Han Dynasty · 202 BCE – 220 CE

金缕玉衣：事死如生Suits of Jade and Gold Wire

汉人信玉能护形魄、致不朽，葬玉之制臻于极盛。满城汉墓中山靖王刘胜之玉衣，用玉两千四百九十八片、金丝约一千一百克。丧葬之外，佩玉之风亦盛，"君子无故，玉不去身"。The Han believed jade preserved the body incorrupt, and funerary jade reached its zenith: the suit of Prince Liu Sheng at Mancheng joins 2,498 plaques with some 1,100 grams of gold thread. In life no less than death, "the gentleman, without due cause, does not part with his jade."

明代玉带钩 Ming jade belt hook
明 · 玉带钩 — 图源 Wikimedia CommonsMing dynasty jade belt hook — Wikimedia Commons
唐宋明 · 618—1644年Tang, Song & Ming · 618–1644

由庙堂入书斋From Temple to Scholar's Desk

唐宋以降，玉走下神坛：玉带銙定品秩，花鸟炉瓶入文房，玉成为士大夫审美生活的一部分。晚明苏州陆子冈以"子冈牌"名动天下，琢玉与书画金石合流，工匠之名始与士人并传。From Tang and Song onward jade descended from the altar: belt plaques ranked officials, censers and bird-and-flower carvings entered the studio, and jade joined the scholar's aesthetic life. In late Ming Suzhou, Lu Zigang's signed plaques fused lapidary art with calligraphy and painting — the first carver whose name passed down beside the literati's.

清代白玉佛 Qing white jade Buddha
清 · 白玉佛坐像 — 图源 Wikimedia CommonsQing dynasty white jade Buddha — Wikimedia Commons
清 · 乾隆盛世 · 1736—1795年High Qing · Qianlong Era · 1736–1795

乾隆工：中国玉作之巅The Qianlong Workshop: Apex of the Craft

平定回部后和田玉贡道大开，宫廷玉作臻于化境，世称"乾隆工"。《大禹治水图》玉山重逾五吨，琢制历十余年；痕都斯坦薄胎玉器"莹薄如纸"，帝王亲题诗文以志。With the Hotan tribute road secured, the palace workshops attained a finish posterity calls "Qianlong work". The jade mountain "Yu the Great Taming the Waters" exceeds five tonnes and took a decade to carve; Hindustan-style vessels were ground "thin as paper", and the emperor inscribed poems upon them in his own hand.

专题 · 清末翡翠之崛起Special Study · The Late-Qing Ascent of Feicui

翠色倾城：一种玉石的两百年跃升A Kingdom for Green: The Two-Century Rise of Jadeite

翠玉白菜 Jadeite Cabbage, National Palace Museum
清 · 翠玉白菜（台北故宫博物院）— 图源 Wikimedia CommonsThe Jadeite Cabbage, Qing dynasty, National Palace Museum — Wikimedia Commons

自滇缅商路，至紫禁之巅From the Burma Road to the Forbidden City

翡翠产自缅甸北部雾露河流域，明末清初经腾冲、瑞丽入华，故旧称"云南玉"。乾隆年间渐入宫廷；至清中晚期，其莹透玻璃光泽与浓艳翠色契合时代审美，身价陡升，终与和田玉分庭抗礼。Mined in the Uru basin of northern Myanmar, jadeite entered China through Tengchong and Ruili in the seventeenth century — hence its old name, "Yunnan jade". It reached the court under Qianlong; by the mid-to-late Qing its vitreous brilliance and saturated green so answered the taste of the age that it rose to stand level with Hetian nephrite itself.

慈禧太后嗜翠尤深，翡翠扁方、耳环、戒指备于两宫，内务府采买绿玉之档案不绝于册。上有所好，下必甚焉——京沪粤三地翠肆骈兴，"黄金有价玉无价"自此专指翡翠上品。传世之翠玉白菜，以紫绿巧色琢就白菜螽斯，寓意清白多子，为此一时代最负盛名的见证。The Empress Dowager Cixi's devotion to the stone was proverbial: jadeite hairpieces, earrings and rings filled the palace inventories, and the Imperial Household archives record purchase after purchase of "green jade". Where the throne led, the empire followed — jade houses multiplied in Beijing, Shanghai and Canton, and "gold has a price; jade has none" came to mean fine feicui above all. The Jadeite Cabbage, carved from a single violet-and-green stone into cabbage and katydid — purity and posterity — remains the most celebrated witness of that age.

慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Cixi
慈禧太后（1835—1908）Empress Dowager Cixi (1835–1908)
清末翡翠风尚之枢纽人物。其随葬翠玉之奢，见载于《爱月轩笔记》诸书，虽细目存疑，翡翠因之而贵则为史家共识。The pivotal patron of late-Qing jadeite fashion. Accounts of the jadeite treasures buried with her, though disputed in detail, agree on the essential: it was under her taste that feicui became imperial.
玉之文化The Culture of Jade

六器礼天地 · 五德譬君子Six Implements for Heaven, Five Virtues for the Noble

《周礼·春官·大宗伯》："以玉作六器，以礼天地四方：以苍璧礼天，以黄琮礼地，以青圭礼东方，以赤璋礼南方，以白琥礼西方，以玄璜礼北方。"The Rites of Zhou ordains: "With jade are made the six implements, to honour Heaven, Earth and the four quarters — the azure bi for Heaven, the yellow cong for Earth, the green gui for the East, the red zhang for the South, the white hu for the West, the black huang for the North."

璧BI

苍璧礼天，圆象天穹Azure disc for Heaven's dome

琮CONG

黄琮礼地，外方内圆Yellow tube for Earth — square without, round within

圭GUI

青圭礼东，锋象春生Green tablet for the East, edged like the spring shoot

璋ZHANG

赤璋礼南，半圭之形Red half-tablet for the South

琥HU

白琥礼西，虎形之符White tiger token for the West

璜HUANG

玄璜礼北，半璧之弧Black half-disc arc for the North

仁BENEVOLENCE

润泽以温，仁之方也Soft sheen and warmth — the manner of benevolence

义RIGHTEOUSNESS

鰓理自外，可以知中Its veins tell truly of what lies within

智WISDOM

其声舒扬，专以远闻Its note carries clear and far when struck

勇COURAGE

不挠而折，勇之方也It breaks before it bends — the manner of courage

洁PURITY

锐廉而不忮，洁之方也Sharp-edged yet wounding none — the manner of purity

君子比德于玉焉：温润而泽，仁也。The noble compare virtue to jade: warm, smooth and lustrous — like benevolence itself.
《礼记 · 聘义》 孔子CONFUCIUS · BOOK OF RITES, PIN YI
关于本站About This Archive

使命与凡例Mission & Editorial Principles

chinesejade.org 致力于以严谨、系统、开放的方式，向全球读者呈现中国玉文化之全貌。本站内容依据矿物学通行结论、国家标准（GB/T 16552、GB/T 38821-2020）及《周礼》《礼记》《说文解字》等传世典籍编纂，凡涉存疑史事，均予注明。chinesejade.org is devoted to presenting Chinese jade culture to a worldwide readership with rigour, system and openness. Its contents are compiled from settled mineralogical scholarship, China's national standards (GB/T 16552; GB/T 38821-2020) and the transmitted classics — the Rites of Zhou, the Book of Rites, the Shuowen Jiezi — with disputed matters noted as such.

本站所有馆藏图像均采自公共领域或知识共享授权之开放资源，并逐一标注来源；文字内容持续修订增补，欢迎学界与藏界指正。All collection images are drawn from public-domain or Creative-Commons sources and individually credited; the text is under continuous revision, and corrections from scholars and collectors are welcomed.

玉，石之美者。愿此站为八千年玉脉在数字时代之一方拓片。Jade is the fairest of stones. May this archive stand as a rubbing, taken in the digital age, of a vein eight thousand years long.

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chinesejade.org 官方应用正在筹备之中，将提供离线典藏浏览、玉石分类速查与双语对照阅读，于 iOS 与 Android 两大平台同步推出。The official chinesejade.org applications are in preparation — offline browsing of the collection, a quick reference to jade taxonomy and full bilingual reading — arriving on iOS and Android together.

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